In Germany, the Confederate battle flag has cropped up as a symbol of the country’s political far right over the years, including at anti-COVID lockdown protests in Dresden in 2020.

The act of defiling the Union Flag in the UK is not a crime, but France has made desecration of the tricolour punishable by a fine of up to €7,500 (£6,600; $8,000) or six months in jail.