This beam steering is achieved by the use of a phase shifter (or its equivalent) in series with each and every antenna element. To make the above explanation more interesting and understandable ...

Part 1 was an introduction to the electronic steering of an antenna beam and the Butler matrix; this part continues the ...

the quarter-wavelength loop serves to introduce the 90° phase shift needed for the circularly polarized signal from the satellites. A quick scan with a vector antenna analyzer showed just how ...