A food chain describes a single pathway that energy and nutrients may follow in an ecosystem. There is one organism per trophic level, and trophic levels are therefore easily defined.

Deserts cover almost a quarter of the earth, yet it's hard to imagine life thriving in such hostile environments, regulated by how much water and food is available.

Ecosystems are characterized by interconnected structure and functions. A study published in the open-access journal PLOS ...

Food-chain length is predicted to be shorter in ecosystems subjected to greater disturbance because longer chains are theoretically less resilient to perturbation. Moreover, food-chain length is ...