How do plants breathe through stomata? Key regulators of stomata are plant vacuoles, fluid-filled organelles bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Plant vacuoles are fluid-filled ...

In a first, scientists have designed immune cells that protect stem cell transplants from being rejected by the body — and they could someday open the door for a cure for diabetes. The new cells, ...

Beyond controlling stomatal (tiny pores for gas exchange) guard cells, FAMA also helps to produce myrosin cells—the specialized structures that store mustard oil compounds. So, when a plant is ...

Beyond controlling stomatal (tiny pores for gas exchange) guard cells, FAMA also helps to produce myrosin cells—the specialized structures that store mustard oil compounds. So, when a plant is ...

Gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere takes place through the stomata, which consist in two bean-shaped guard cells surrounding a pore. (a) Malate and Cl − efflux from the guard ...

Cavitation microbubble dissolution in a light-acclimated Senecio minimus guard cell. Credit: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2419887122 ...

It moves by diffusion through small holes in the underside of the leaf called stomata. Guard cells control the size of the stomata so that the leaf does not lose too much water in hot, windy or ...

Because of these properties, the majority of plant gas exchange occurs through stomata. Consequently, composition of cuticle and fast guard cell signaling are thought to be the major factors limiting ...

Carry out photosynthesis. Guard cells Open and close to control the exchange of gases – carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen. Phloem Sieve tubes Transport products of photosynthesis ...