In summary, microscopic hematuria may be completely benign or ... clean-catch method of urine collection in nonpregnant women does not decrease contamination rates and is not recommended.

They may also cause hematuria or difficulty urinating ... are the most common growth on the urethra in postmenopausal women, many other growths can resemble them and cause similar symptoms.

Cystoscopy is the reference standard for bladder cancer detection, and is also used to monitor patients with a history of the disease. The procedure is, however, invasive, and some patients find ...