In this article Dr Kapil Thakkar covering causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)—including diet, medication, and surgery—and strategies for recurrence ...

The mineral selected for this study, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), is sparingly soluble in aqueous media and poses challenges for removal once formed. Using a combination of in situ techniques ...

Urine was able to tolerate, i.e., to avoid crystal formation, until SS ratios of approximately 10. CONCLUSIONS: Relative CaOx SS and the concentration ratio of calcium to oxalate are important ...