Occasionally, the vertebral centra (the center of the vertebra) can also be found, as these elements are rich in calcium salts and do not break down over time like cartilage does.

Due to the need to be more buoyant, agile, and able to escape predators, cartilaginous fish evolved to the point where bone was no longer present in their bodies. It is uncertain how many species ...

The seismic performance of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures is paramount for ensuring the overall resilience of built environments in regions exposed to earthquakes. These ...

Our joints can need replacing for many reasons. A fall can lead to a fractured hip in an elderly person – and replacing the joint might be much simpler and lead to less rehabilitation than ...

Vertebral column reflexology chart with accurate description of the corresponding internal organs and body parts, and with names and numbers of the vertebras. Royalty-free licenses let you pay once to ...

With time, numerous joints are prone to degenerative changes, typically described simply as “arthritic.” At this point, fusion or replacement are the only options.

Vertebral endplates are a protective layer between the vertebrae and intervertebral discs in the spine. Certain conditions, like stenosis, disc herniation, and injuries, can cause back pain. Most ...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can affect the shape and size of the joints, often in the hands, feet, and knees. Read on to learn more about the symptoms of RA.