Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has emerged as a promising electric-field-driven technology for brackish water desalination and specific salt or charged ion separation. The use of carbon-based ...

SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping images were obtained using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (Helios 5 UC, FEI). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images ...