Wind blowing snow off the peaks of snow-covered mountains© Jérôme Prax/Unsplash Wind blowing snow off the peaks of snow-covered mountains Diagram of wind circulation by latitude and altitude ...

I’ve never seen this model forecast such a clearly defined and tightly wound wind circulation. Surface wind forecast at 9 p.m. Thursday, May 15, 2025.

UNTIL some twenty years ago meteorology was regarded as an elementary science founded on theories so simple that they might be taken as self-evident. Thus the cyclone was looked upon as a warm ...

Too much vertical wind shear, however, can offset the top of the storm. This weakens the wind circulation, as well as the transport of heat and moisture needed to fuel the storm.

Vertical wind shear can keep tropical storms in check, particularly during El Niño years. When El Niño is gone, it’s a different story.

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The wind structure is the main difference, Mr. Brown said. A subtropical system’s strongest winds will spread much farther than a tropical storm and may not be near the storm’s center.

Too much vertical wind shear, however, can offset the top of the storm. This weakens the wind circulation, as well as the transport of heat and moisture needed to fuel the storm.

A storm is classified as a tropical depression when a low-pressure system develops over warm ocean waters, its wind circulation becomes organized and it has wind speeds of up to 38 mph.